Professor
Department of Counseling & Human Services

Ed Neukrug

757-683-6497

2109 EDUCATION BUILDING
NORFOLK, 23529

Born and raised in New York City, Dr. Ed Neukrug obtained his B.A. in psychology from SUNY Binghamton, his M.S. in counseling from Miami 91短视频 of Ohio, and his doctorate in counselor education from the 91短视频 of Cincinnati.

After teaching and directing a graduate program in counseling at Notre Dame College in New Hampshire, he accepted a position at Old Dominion 91短视频, in Norfolk, Virginia where he currently is a Professor of Counseling and Batten Endowed Chair of Counseling. He is also the Executive Director of the International Institute for the Advancement of Counseling Theory. In addition to teaching, Dr. Neukrug has worked as a counselor at a crisis center, an outpatient therapist at a mental health center, an associate school psychologist, a school counselor, and as a private practice psychologist and licensed professional counselor.

Dr. Neukrug has held a variety of positions in local, regional, and national professional associations in counseling and human services. In addition, he has published numerous articles and has received a number of grants and contracts with school systems and professional associations.

Dr. Neukrug has written over 100 articles and chapters in books and has published 10 books, including: (1) Counseling Theory and Practice (3rd ed.) (2) The World of the Counselor (6th. ed.), (3) Experiencing the World of the Counselor: A Workbook for Counselor Educators and Students (4th ed.), (4) Theory, Practice and Trends in Human Services: An Introduction to An Emerging Profession (7th ed.), (5) Skills and Techniques for Human Service Professionals (2nd ed), (6) Skills and Tools for Today's Counselor's and Psychotherapists, (7) Essentials of Testing and Assessment for Counselors, Social Workers, and Psychologists (3rd ed., enhanced), (8) A Brief Orientation to Counseling: Professional Identity, History, and Standards (3rd ed), and (9) the Dictionary of Counseling and Human Services, (10) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Theory in Counseling and Psychotherapy, (11) Counseling and Helping Skills, (12) Contemporary theories of counseling and psychotherapy, (13) Foundations of Clinical Mental Health Counseling, and Psychopharmacology and related brain transforming interventions for mental health professionals (under contract). You can see most of his books at or visit the Cognella Academic Press or Cengage websites.

Dr. Neukrug has also developed a website for IIACT as well as a number of interactive websites on counseling, all of which can be found at . Dr. Neukrug has two children, Hannah and Emma.

Ed.D. in Counselor Education, 91短视频 of Cincinnati, (1980)

M.S. in Counseling, Miami 91短视频, (1974)

B.A. in Psychology, 91短视频 91短视频 of New York at Binghamton, (1973)

Associate School Psychologist
Sponsoring Organization: Expired:NH
Date Obtained:
Licensed Professional Counselor
Sponsoring Organization: VA
Date Obtained:
Licensed Psychologist
Sponsoring Organization: MA
Date Obtained:
National Certified Counselor
Sponsoring Organization:
Date Obtained:
School Counselor
Sponsoring Organization: Expired:NH
Date Obtained:
Human Service Board Certified Practitioner
Sponsoring Organization: Center for Credentialing in Education
Date Obtained: 2008-03-01

Contracts, Grants and Sponsored Research

Neukrug, E. and Major, D. A. "Office of Institutional Equity and Diversity Grant for Membership in National Center for Faculty Development and Diversity" $20,000. - 2016
Neukrug, E. "Mentor for M. Kalkbrenner and S. Griffith Southern Association for Counselor Education and Supervision" $500. January 2015 - December 2015
Neukrug, E. "Great Social Scientists of the Twentieth Century: Information, Stories, and Impact on American Culture " $3,000. Federal. - 2011
Neukrug, E. "Stories of the Great Therapists. Faculty Innovator Grant" $3,000. Old Dominion 91短视频. - 2007
Neukrug, E. "For development of twelve video clips representing twelve counseling theories" $11,000. 2006 - 2006
Schwitzer, A., Neukrug, E. and Nicholas, K. "Collaboration Across Majors: Teaching Students Production Skills and Counseling Skills" $3,500. Old Dominion 91短视频. 2003 - 2004
Nicholas, K. H., Neukrug, E. and Schwitzer, A. "Faculty Innovator Grant" $3,000. Old Dominion 91短视频. - January 2004
Neukrug, E., McAuliffe, G. J., Kloeppel, P. and Parker, R. H.. "Transforming School Counseling through Counselor Advocacy and Attention to Disparities" $100,000. -
Neukrug, E. "Counseling of Human Services Educators, Practitioners, and Students" $400. Federal. 1999 - 2000
Neukrug, E. "Teaching Across Borders: International Counseling in Human Services " $500. 1999 - 2000
Neukrug, E. "Types of Counseling of Human Services Educators, Practitioners, and Students" $400. 1999 - 2000
Neukrug, E. and Horton Parker, R. "Transforming School Counseling" $65,000. 1997 - 1998
Neukrug, E. and Thompson, R. "Drug-Free Schools and Communities Counselor Training Grants Program" $70,000. 1991 - 1992
Neukrug, E. and Schwab, R. "Ethics of Counselor Educators" $1,000. 1991 - 1991
Neukrug, E. "Youth Risk Prevention Program with Chesapeake Schools" $15,000. 1991 - 1991
Neukrug, E. "Cognitive development and its relationship to empathic responding and personality variables of undergraduate human service majors and graduate counseling students" $3,900. Old Dominion 91短视频. 1990 - 1990
Neukrug, E. and Winterbottom, N. "" $900. - 1988

Expertise

Counseling Theory
Assessment
Professional Issues
Counseling Skills
Empathy
Ethics
Men's Issues

Articles

Kalkbrenner, M. T., Neukrug, E. and Griffith, S. M. (2019). Barriers to counselors seeking counseling: Cross validation and predictive validity of the fit, stigma, & value (FSV) Scale. Journal of Mental Health Counseling.
Kalkbrenner, M. T. and Neukrug, E. (2018). Identifying barriers to attendance in counseling among adults in the United 91短视频s: Confirming the factor structure of the Revised Fit, Stigma, and Value Scale. The Professional Counselor 8 (3) , pp. 282-296.
Neukrug, E. (2018). Is counseling for you?. Social Work Helper.
Neukrug, E., Sparkman, N. and Moe, J. (2017). The Holland Code of members of the National Organization of Human Services: A preliminary study of human service professionals. Journal of Employment Counseling 54 (4) , pp. 146-156.
Neukrug, E., Kalkbrenner, M. T. and Griffith, S. M. (2017). Barriers to counseling among human service professionals: The development and fit, stigma, & value (FSV) Scale. Journal of Human Services 37 , pp. 27-40.
Neukrug, E. (2017). Eight characteristics of the effective person. Social Worker Helper.
Neukrug, E. (2017). Creative and novel approaches to empathy. Counseling Today.
Sparkman-Key, N. and Neukrug, E. (2016). Inclusion of 鈥渉uman service professional鈥 in the standard occupational classification system. Journal of Human Services 36 (1) , pp. 71-74.
Peterson, C., Lomas, G., Neukrug, E. and Bonner, M. (2014). Assessment use by counselors in the United 91短视频s: Implications for policy and practice. Journal of Counseling and Development 92 (1) , pp. 90-98.
Neukrug, E., Gleason, B., Craigen, L., Dustin, J. and Milliken, T. (2014). Introduction to the special section on current issues. Journal of Human Services 34 , pp. 104-110.
Sparkman, N. and Neukrug, E. (2014). Perceptions of the HS鈥擝CP credential: A survey of human service professionals. Journal of Human Services 34 , pp. 24-37.
Bayne, H., Neukrug, E., Hayes, D. and Britton, B. (2013). A comprehensive model for optimizing empathy in person-centered care. Patient Education and Counseling 93 (2) , pp. 209-215.
Neukrug, E., Peterson, C., Bonner, M. and Lomas, G. (2013). A national survey of assessment instruments taught by counselor educators. Counselor Education and Supervision 52 , pp. 207-221.
Neukrug, E., Britton, B. and Crews, C. (2013). Common health-related concerns of men and their implications for counselors. Journal of Counseling and Development 91 (4) , pp. 290-397.
Neukrug, E., Bayne, H., Dean-Nganga, L. and Pusateri, C. (2012). Creative and novel approaches to empathy: A neo-Rogerian perspective. Journal of Mental Health Counseling 35 (1) , pp. 29-42.
Neukrug, E. and Dice, T. (2011). Counselors' perceptions of ethical behavior. Journal of Counseling and Development 89 (2) , pp. 206-216.
Dice, T. and Neukrug, E. (2010). Standards in human services. An introduction to the special section on standards in the Journal of Human Services. Journal of Human Services 30 , pp. 5-7.
Rockinson-Szapkiw, A. J.., Baker, J. D.., Neukrug, E. and Hanes, J. (2010). The efficacy of computer mediated communication technologies to augment and support effective online helping profession education. . Journal of Technology in Human Services 28 (3) , pp. 161-177.
Neukrug, E., Cichetti, R., Forman, J., Kyser, N., McBride, R. and Sharon, W. (2009). A Content Analysis of CESNET-L E-mail Messages. Journal of Computing in Higher Education 22 , pp. 60-72.
Dice, T. and Neukrug, E. (2009). Perceptions of ethical behaviors: A survey of human service professionals. Human Service Education 29 (1) , pp. 35-48.
Neukrug, E. and Dice, T. (2008). Activities to enhance the cultural competence of students. Human Service Education 28 (1) , pp. 17-28.
Baker, S. R., Robinson, J. E., Danner, M. and Neukrug, E. (2001). Community social disorganization theory applied to adolescent academic achievement. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED453301. Report NO. UD034167.
Neukrug, E., Dice, T. and Shoemaker, J. (2001). Counselor seeking behaviors of NOHSE practitioners, educators, and trainees. Human Service Education 21 , pp. 45-58.
Neukrug, E., Dice, T. and Walden, S. (2001). Ethical practices of credentialed counselors: An updated survey licensing boards. Counselor Education and Supervision 41 (1) , pp. 57-70.
Neukrug, E. (1996). A developmental approach to teaching ethical decision making. Human Service Education 16 (1) , pp. 19-36.
Neukrug, E., Lovell, C. and Parker, R. (1996). Employing ethical codes and decision making models: A developmental process.. Counseling and Values 40 (2) , pp. 98-106.
Neukrug, E. (1996). Review of Perlstein's, & Thrall's ready-to-use conflict resolution activities for secondary students. The Virginia Counselors Journal.
Schwab, R. and Neukrug, E. (1994). A survey of counselor educators' values on ethical concerns. Counseling and Values 39 (1) , pp. 42-55.
Neukrug, E. (1994). Understanding diversity in a pluralistic world. The Journal of Intergroup Relations 21 (2) , pp. 3-12.
Neukrug, E. and McAuliffe, G. J. (1993). Cognitive development and human service education. Human Service Education 13 (1) , pp. 13-26.
Neukrug, E. and Williams, G. A. (1993). Counseling counselors: A survey of values. Counseling and Values 38 (1) , pp. 51-62.
Neukrug, E., Barr, C., Hoffman, L. and Kaplan, L. (1993). Developmental counseling and guidance: A model for use in your school. The School Counselor 40 (5) , pp. 356-362.
Jagger, L., Neukrug, E. and McAuliffe, G. J. (1992). Congruence between personality traits and chosen occupation as a predictor of job satisfaction for people with disabilities. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 36 (1) , pp. 53-60.
Neukrug, E., Healy, M. and Herlihy, B. (1992). Ethical practices of licensed professional counselors: An updated survey of 91短视频 licensing boards. Counselor Education and Supervision 32(2) , pp. 130-141.
Neukrug, E. and Sowala, R. (1992). The counselor's counselor: Frequency of attendance in counseling of VCA counselors. Virginia Counselors Journal 20 , pp. 20-31.
Neukrug, E. (1992). The supervisor's dilemma: Allegiance to counselor or client?. New Hampshire Journal for Counseling and Development 20 , pp. 11-12.
Neukrug, E. (1991). Computer-assisted live supervision in counselor skills training. Counselor Education and Supervision 31 (2) , pp. 132-139.
Neukrug, E. and Barr, C. (1991). Elementary school counseling: History, current status in Virginia, and a look toward the future. The Virginia Counselors Journal 19 , pp. 27-33.
Neukrug, E. and Barr, C. (1991). The status of elementary school counseling in Virginia. Education 111 (2) , pp. 178-180.
Neukrug, E., Casey, J., McAuliffe, G. J. and Lovell, C. (1990). Adult cognitive development: Implications for counselor training and counselor growth. New Hampshire Journal for Counseling 18 (1) , pp. 5-8.
Neukrug, E. and Goddard, R. (1988). The effect of aerobic exercise on anxiety, depression, and self-actualizing values. New Hampshire Journal for Counseling and Development 16 (1) , pp. 11-14.
Neukrug, E. (1987). The brief training of paraprofessional counselors in empathic responding. New Hampshire Journal for Counseling and Development 15 (1) , pp. 15-19.
Neukrug, E., Goddard, R., Skinner, K. and Heden, R. (1985). A model for counselor transformation. The School Counselor 32 (2) , pp. 190-194.
Neukrug, E. (1985). A professional development survey of New Hampshire school counselors. New Hampshire Journal for Counseling and Development 13 (1) , pp. 9-14.
Neukrug, E. and Goddard, R. (1985). Life as a function of death: Where do we go from here?. New Hampshire Journal for Counseling and Development 13 (1) , pp. 29-33.
Neukrug, E. (1982). An historical review of empathy in the 20th century. New Hampshire Personnel and Guidance Journal 10 (1) , pp. 6-9.

Books

Neukrug, E. (2019). Counseling and helping skills: Critical techniques to becoming a counselor. Cognella Academic Publishing.
Neukrug, E. (2018). Counseling theory and practice. Cognella Academic Publishing.
Neukrug, E., Kalkbrenner, M. T. and Snow, K. C.. (2017). Dictionary of counseling and human services. Counseling Books Etc.
Neukrug, E. (2017). Skills and techniques for human service professionals: Counseling environment, helping skills, treatment issues. Counseling Books Etc.
Neukrug, E. (2016). A brief orientation to counseling: Professional identity, history, and standards . Cengage Learning.
Neukrug, E. (2016). The world of the counselor . Cengage Learning.
Neukrug, E. (2016). Theory, practice, and trends in human services: An introduction. Cengage Learning.
Neukrug, E. and Fawcett, R. C.. (2015). Essentials of testing and assessment: A practical guide for counselors, social workers, and psychologists. Brooks/Cole.
Neukrug, E. (2015). The Sage encyclopedia of theory in counseling and psychotherapy (Vol 1. and Vol. 2). Sage Publishing.
Neukrug, E. (2012). Experiencing the world of the counselor: A workbook for counselor educators and students . Brooks/Cole.
Neukrug, E. and Schwitzer, A. (2006). Skills and tools for today's professional counselors and psychotherapists: From Natural Helping to Professional Counseling. Brooks/ Cole.

Book Chapters

Neukrug, E. (2018). Balancing my personal and professional life: My self-care 鈥渋t factors" Counselor self-care (pp. 134-135) John Wiley & Sons.
Bayne, H. and Neukrug, E. (2017). Metaphors for empathy: Getting into character Metaphors and therapy: Enhancing clinical supervision and education (pp. 80-88) Baton Rouge, LA: Independent Therapy Ink, LLC.
Neukrug, E. and Ellis, D. (2015). Albert Ellis The Sage encyclopedia of theory in counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 333-335) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
Neukrug, E. (2015). Cautious, Dangers, and/or illegal practices: Overview The Sage encyclopedia of theory in counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 149-151) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
Neukrug, E. (2015). Existential-humanistic therapies: Overview The Sage encyclopedia of theory in counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 374-379) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
Neukrug, E. (2015). Foundational therapies: Overview The Sage encyclopedia of theory in counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 426-432) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
Neukrug, E. (2015). From the client's voice: A post-modern, social constructionist perspective on ethical decision-making Boundary issues in counseling: Multiple roles and responsibilities (pp. 69-76) Belmont, CA: Cengage.
Neukrug, E. (2015). Introduction The Sage encyclopedia of theory in counseling and psychotherapy (pp. xxxvix-xliii) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
Neukrug, E. (2015). Making ethical decisions when faced with thorny boundary issues Boundary issues in counseling: Multiple roles and responsibilities (pp. 22-26) Belmont, CA: Cengage.
Neukrug, E. (2015). Person-centered counseling The Sage encyclopedia of theory in counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 767-772) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
Neukrug, E. and Polychronopolous, G. B. (2015). Poor supervising or impaired student? Ethical standards casebook (pp. 264-268) Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Neukrug, E. (2015). Prolonged exposure therapy The Sage encyclopedia of theory in counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 806-808) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
Neukrug, E. and Neukrug, H. (2014). Heidi: Intervention involving possible homelessness, addiction, and abuse Encyclopedia of human services: Master review and tutorial for the human services-board certified practitioner examination (HS-BCPE) (pp. 178-179) New York: Routledge.
Neukrug, E. and Neukrug, H. (2014). Henry: Responding to a schizophrenic client Encyclopedia of human services: Master review and tutorial for the human services-board certified practitioner examination (HS-BCP) (pp. 180-182) New York, NY: Routledge.
Neukrug, E. (2014). Psychiatric/psychological assessment Encyclopedia of human services and diversity (pp. 1071-1075) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
Milliken, T., Neukrug, E., Dustin, J. and Craigen, L. (2014). The Journal of Human Services Encyclopedia of human services and diversity (pp. 759-760) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
Neukrug, E. (2011). Support and challenge: Use of metaphor as a higher level empathic response Favorite counseling and therapy techniques (pp. 237-240) New York: Taylor and Francis.
Neukrug, E. and Grothaus, T. J.P.. (2011). School Counseling Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Neukrug, E. and Levingston, K. (2011). Clinical mental health counseling The World of the Counselor: An Introduction to the Counseling Profession (pp. 59) Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Neukrug, E. (2009). Aptitude Testing Encyclopedia of Counseling (pp. 27-28) Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Neukrug, E. (2009). Client-centered counseling Encyclopedia of Counseling (pp. 100-101) Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Neukrug, E. and Remley, T. (2009). Key historical events in professional identity and ethics Encyclopedia of Counseling (pp. 411-413) Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Neukrug, E. (2006). Five steps to the perfect semester. The Brooks/Cole counseling e-communicator. [Electronic Version] Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Publishing.
Neukrug, E. (2004). Challenging the leader Critical incidents in group counseling Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Neukrug, E. (2004). Hostile member Critical incidents in group counseling Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Neukrug, E. (2001). Medical breakthroughs: Genetic research and genetic counseling. Psychotropic medications, and the mind-body connection Human service challenges in the 21st century (pp. 115-132) Birmingham, AL: Ebsco Media.
Neukrug, E. (2001). Variety is the spice of life: A developmental and diagnostic approach to choosing homework assignments Favorite counseling and therapy homework assignments: Leading therapists share their most creative strategies (pp. 161-165) Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge.
Neukrug, E. (2000). Professional issues in counseling Home study materials for the licensed professional counselors exam and the national counselors exam.
Neukrug, E. (2000). Testing and appraisal Home study materials for the licensed professional counselors exam and the national counselors exam.
Neukrug, E. (1998). Support and challenge: Use of metaphor as a higher level empathic response Favorite counseling and therapeutic techniques: 52 therapists share their most creative strategies (pp. 139-141) Washington, DC: Accelerated Development.
Neukrug, E. (1994). Theory, practice, and trends in human services: An overview of an emerging profession Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Neukrug, E. (1988). Program Evaluation New Hampshire comprehensive guidance and counseling program: A guide to an approved model for program development (pp. 55-74) Plymouth, NH: Plymouth 91短视频 College.
  • 2019: Fellow, American Counseling Association
  • 2018: Lenore McNeer Award of NOHS,
  • 2017: A. Rufus Tonelson Distinguished Faculty Award, Old Dominion 91短视频
  • 2017: My book 鈥淭heory, Practice, and Trends鈥 was chosen to be exhibited at the 34th Annual Teachers College Winter Roundtable, Columbia 91短视频
  • 2017: Tenth most read article, Counseling Today
  • 2016: ODU 鈥淵ou Make A Difference鈥 Award , Old Dominion 91短视频
  • 2016: Outstanding Academic Title: American Library Association Award ,
  • 2015: Alumni of the Year Award, 91短视频 of Cincinnati鈥檚 School of Education and Human Services
  • 2015: ODU President Broderick鈥檚 Diversity Champion Award , Old Dominion 91短视频
  • 2015: Publications award, Old Dominion 91短视频 College of Education
  • 2014: Instructional publications awards, Old Dominion 91短视频 College of Education
  • 2014: Nominated by Dean, Eminent Scholar, Old Dominion 91短视频 College of Education
  • 2011: Tonelson Award, College of Education
  • 2011: Faculty Advisor, Honorable Mention in ACA Ethics Competition, American Counseling Association
  • 2010: Faculty Advisor, 1st Place in ACAs Ph.D. Ethics Competition,
  • 2010: Teaching with Technology Award, Old Dominion 91短视频
  • 2010: 91短视频 Professor teaching award, Old Dominion 91短视频
  • 2010: President's Awards, National Organization of Human Services
  • 2009: Faculty advisor, 2nd place finish in ACAs Ph.D. ethics competition,
  • 2008: Faculty Advisor, 2nd Place in ACAs Ph.D. Ethics Competition,
  • 2008: Nominated by ODU for SCHEV Award, Old Dominion 91短视频
  • 2008: Nominated, College of Education, 91短视频 Tonelson Award,
  • 2007: Nominated by College of Education for SCHEV Award , Old Dominion 91短视频
  • 2007: Outstanding professional contribution, Southern Association of Human Services
  • 2006: Instructional Publications Awards. College of Education, Old Dominion 91短视频
  • 2005: Counselor Educator of the 1980s, 91短视频 of Cincinnati. Award for most achieved counselor educator based on decade of graduation (1980s)
  • 2001: Old Dominion 91短视频 Designated Faculty to Teach in Japan (Summer of 2001). Chosen, based on proposal, from a number of faculty proposals, Old Dominion 91短视频
  • 2000: Nominated by College of Education for 91短视频 Council on Higher Education of Virginia Award, College of Education
  • 2000: Teletechnet Faculty Member of the Year Award (Distance Learning Award) , Old Dominion 91短视频
  • 2000: Tonelson Award , College of Education for Teaching, Service, and Research
  • 1997: Certificate of Appreciation, National Organization of Human Service Education for service on the editorial board
  • 1997: Presidential Development Research Award, National Organization of Human Services Education. For Development of NOHSE Ethical Guidelines
  • 1995: Lifetime Honorary Member of Alpha Delta Omega, National Society of Human Service Education
  • 1994: Certification of Appreciation, Virginia Counselors Association for outstanding service on the behalf of the Association and the counseling profession. Specifically, for being Division Council Chair and the continued development of a student division of VCA
  • 1994: Faculty Scholars Award, Darden College of Education
  • 1993: Certificate of Appreciation, Virginia Counselors Association for outstanding service on the behalf of the Association and the counseling profession
  • 1993: Faculty Scholars Award, Darden College of Education
  • 1992: Faculty Scholars Award, Darden College of Education
  • 1991: Certificate of Recognition , Southern Association for Counselor Education and Supervision for achievement in and contribution to the field of counselor education and supervision. Research Grant Award
  • 1989: Graduate Division Award of Appreciation , Notre Dame College for development and directorship of counseling program
  • 1989: Outstanding Newsletter Award (NHACD), American Association for Counseling and Development
  • 1984: Recognition for Outstanding Research , American School Counseling Association
  • 1980: Counselor Education Dissertation Award , 91短视频 of Cincinnati
  • 1979: 91短视频 Graduate Scholarship , 91短视频 of Cincinnati

Organizational Chart