ࡱ>  CbjbjT~T~ 66J;6ddDk_43v.$ I4K4K4K4K4K4K45@8LK4'''K4`4L/L/L/'I4L/'I4L/L/11R)154v40418J,811824`!B#XL/$%`!`!`!K4K4J-`!`!`!4''''8`!`!`!`!`!`!`!`!`!d m: HEALTHCARE REFORM ANALYSIS USING SYSTEM DYNAMICS: UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF THE HEALTH INSURANCE MANDATE by Student S. Name B.S. December 2007, Old Dominion 91Ƶ M.E. May 2009, Old Dominion 91Ƶ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion 91Ƶ in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY December 2011 Approved by: _____________________ John Adams (Director) _____________________ Thomas Jefferson (Member) _____________________ George Washington (Member) _____________________ Jimmy Carter (Member) ABSTRACT HEALTHCARE REFORM ANALYSIS USING SYSTEM DYNAMICS: UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF THE HEALTH INSURANCE MANDATE Student S. Name Old Dominion 91Ƶ, 2011 Director: John Adams The text of the Abstract starts one triple-space below the heading, with a paragraph indentation. The text of Abstract is typed double-spaced or one-and-a-half spaces according to the spacing style followed in the narrative text; it must not exceed 350 words in length. Any term (or numeral) with a space on either side of it will be counted as a word. The Abstract contains a statement of the problem, procedure or methods, results, and conclusions. All explanatory matter and opinion should be omitted. Copyright, 2010, by Student S. Name, All Rights Reserved. This thesis is dedicated to the proposition that the harder you work, the luckier you get. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people who have contributed to the successful completion of this dissertation. I extend many, many thanks to my committee members for their patience and hours of guidance on my research and editing of this manuscript. The untiring efforts of my major advisor deserve special recognition. NOMENCLATURE A Amplitude Ratio, (No Units) C Centroid of pipe, inches Do Outside Diameter of Pipe, inches E Modulus of Elasticity, lb/in2 EH Elastic Modulus at Operating Temperature, lb/in2 f Stress-Range Reduction Factor, (No Units) F Force, lbs I Moment of Inertia of Pipe, in4 N Number of Cycles, cycles P Pressure, lb/in2 R Stress Ratio, (No Units) Sa Sh = Allowable Static Stress, lb/in2 Sc Allowable stress at Minimum Temperature (70), lb/in2 Se Endurance Limit, lb/in2 SY Yield Strength, lb/in2 V Shear, lbs ZNom Section Modulus, in3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page  TOC \o "1-2" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346143" LIST OF TABLES  PAGEREF _Toc284346143 \h viii  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346144" LIST OF FIGURES  PAGEREF _Toc284346144 \h ix 1.  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346145" INTRODUCTION  PAGEREF _Toc284346145 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346146" 1.1 Theoretical Formulations  PAGEREF _Toc284346146 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346148" 1.2 Purpose  PAGEREF _Toc284346148 \h 2  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346149" 1.3 Problem  PAGEREF _Toc284346149 \h 2  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346150" 1.4 Method and Procedure  PAGEREF _Toc284346150 \h 2 2.  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346151" BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY  PAGEREF _Toc284346151 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346152" 2.1 Literature Review  PAGEREF _Toc284346152 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346153" 2.2 Description of the Study Sample  PAGEREF _Toc284346153 \h 3 3.  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346155" METHODOLOGY  PAGEREF _Toc284346155 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346156" 3.1 Literature Review  PAGEREF _Toc284346156 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346157" 3.2 Another Section  PAGEREF _Toc284346157 \h 4 4.  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346158" RESULTS 1  PAGEREF _Toc284346158 \h 5  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346159" 4.1 New Section  PAGEREF _Toc284346159 \h 5  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346160" 4.2 Another Section  PAGEREF _Toc284346160 \h 5 5.  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346161" CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS  PAGEREF _Toc284346161 \h 6  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346162" 5.1 New Section  PAGEREF _Toc284346162 \h 6  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346163" 5.2 Another Section  PAGEREF _Toc284346163 \h 6  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346164" REFERENCES  PAGEREF _Toc284346164 \h 7  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346165" APPENDICES  PAGEREF _Toc284346165 \h 11  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346166" APPENDIX A: MODEL EQUATIONS  PAGEREF _Toc284346166 \h 11  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346167" APPENDIX B: EXTREME CONDITIONS TEST  PAGEREF _Toc284346167 \h 12  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc284346168" VITA  PAGEREF _Toc284346168 \h 13  LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Average Ranking of Border Security Initiatives.......................................................... 30 2. K-S Test for Normality for 25% Percent Increase from Baseline Values for Fugitives...............................................................................32 3. Means Plot for Non-Criminal Removals.......................................................................33 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Security Broken into Five Capabilities in the Context of Border Security....................18 2. Residuals from Fugitive Regression Model...................................................................25 3. Dependent Means Analysis Results for Non-Criminal Removals.................................38 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Major headings in the text are bold if other major headings are bold. Boldface or italics may be used for subheadings. Each new chapter begins on a new page. The chapter designation (CHAPTER I) is upper-case and centered at the top of the page. The chapter title is also upper-case and centered at least one double-space (no more than two double-spaces) below chapter designation. Titles and subheadings more than one line in length must be double-spaced. There is no punctuation after a heading or subheading that is on a line by itself. Only major headings may be centered and in all capital letters. First level subheadings may be typed in all capital letters provided they are placed flush left. Spacing before/after headings and subheadings must be consistent throughout. The style used for subheadings must clearly show their various levels and must be consistent from chapter to chapter. Subheadings do not begin on a new page. Text continues within a chapter or section. A subheading at the bottom of a page must be followed by at least one line of text. 1.1 Theoretical Formulations Here you discuss the theoretical formulations. 1.1.1 Structured Query Language Here is an example of a third level heading, these headings to do not need to appear in the table of contents. 1.2 Purpose Here you discuss the purpose. 1.3 Problem Here you discuss the problem. 1.4 Method and Procedure Here you discuss the method and procedure. CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This chapter is dedicated to discuss the background of the study. 2.1 Literature Review Here you present the literature review. 2.2 Description of the Study Sample This is another section. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter is dedicated to discuss the methodology utilized in your dissertation research. Dissertations may require multiple methodology sections depending on the type of research being conducted. 3.1 Literature Review This section 3.2 Another Section This section CHAPTER 4 RESULTS This chapter discusses the results. Dissertations may require multiple results sections depending on the type of research being conducted. 4.1 New Section This section 4.2 Another Section This section CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter discusses the conclusions and recommendations of the dissertation. 5.1 New Section This section 5.2 Another Section This section REFERENCES For this template the American Psychological Association (APA) style is used. However depending on the department requirements, other referencing styles may be used. Please consult your graduate program director to ensure you are using the correct reference style for your department. There are hundreds of information source types you can cite in your research. Moreover, there are many issues you need to consider in preparing the references list. Illustrating all of these source types and references list issues here will be impossible; therefore, looking at publications that discuss APA style is essential before you start citing other peoples work and preparing you references list. An illustration of the most common types of sources will be given here. The following examples of in-text citations, as well as references list were prepared with the help of the publication manual of the APA. In some instances, they were directly taken from the manual. The latest edition of the manual is the 6th edition, issued in 2010. 1.1 Citing References in Text 1.1.1 One Work by One Author Smith (2003) found that One of the recent studies showed that this pattern is becoming more persistent (Smith, 2003). In 2003, Smiths study showed that 1.1.2 One Work by Multiple Authors To cite a work that has two authors, both names need to be cited at every instance. If the work has more than two authors, cite all of them in the first instance. Subsequent citations, however, should include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicized). Example: First citation: Durbin, Nelms, and Parker (2007) found that Subsequent citations: Durbin et al. (2007) found that 1.1.3 Groups as Authors The National Institutes of Health (NIH, 2004), for subsequent citations use NIH (2003). 1.1.4 Two or More Works Within the Same Parentheses Recent studies (Andrews & Williams, 2001a, 2001b; Nicholson, 2005) show that. This pattern was also observed in environmental systems (Bent, 2008; see also Adams, 1999; Damian 2003). 1.2 Reference List Entries in the references list must be ordered alphabetically, beginning with the surname of the first author followed by the initials of the authors given name. 1.2.1 Examples of References We will now give examples of the most common types of references. The italicized headings should not appear in the dissertation, they are only given as a reference for this document. 1.2.1.1 Periodicals Journal Article: Dickson, D. T., & Vos, T. K. (2006). Agent-Based simulation of the butterfly effect. Journal of Modeling and Simulation, 2(2), 60-72. Magazine Article: Bird, L., Stokes, E., Elber, G, & Price, K. (2005, October). Personal medical records: opportunities and challengers. Healthcare Technology, 21(5), 50-57. Newspaper Article: Daniels, P. T. (2000, September 15). Why medical liability reform is inevitable. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A5. 1.2.1.2 Books and Book Chapters Book: Forrester, J. W. (1971). World Dynamics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Book Chapter: Dickerson, J., Romero, L. (2008). The butterfly effect in environmental systems. In K. Davids and S. Wolowitz (Eds.), The butterfly effect (pp. 123-188). New York, NY: Lee Press. 1.2.1.3 Technical and Research Reports Government report: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hea lth/prof/lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf Corporate author, task force report: American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/girls/report-full.pdf 1.2.1.4 Doctoral Dissertation and Masters Theses Masters thesis, from a commercial database: Townsley, J. (2010). Analyzing healthcare policy reform through system dynamics (Masters thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1485904) Doctoral Dissertation: Tufano,J. (2009).Information and communication technologies in patient-centered healthcare redesign: Qualitative studies of provider experience (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3356669) APPENDICES APPENDIX A: MODEL EQUATIONS The Old Dominion 91Ƶ guide for preparation of theses and dissertations provided guidance for appendices. The following information is directly taken from the guide. 1. Heading(s) is/are bold if major headings are in bold. 2. Appendix headings may either be on a separate cover sheet before appendix material or at the top of the first page of each appendix. Be consistent from appendix to appendix. 3. Appendix headings are centered. Appendix titles are centered, in all capital letters and appear at least one double space below heading. 4. Page numbering is continued from the last page of references. 5. All material must be within margins. 6. Tables and figures in appendices may be numbered consecutively following the text, or they may be numbered with an appendix designation. If numbered consecutively from the text, they must be included in the List of Tables or List of Figures 7. Material may be reduced but must conform to minimum size and legibility requirements. 8. Material may have mixed fonts and point sizes and may be single spaced. APPENDIX B: EXTREME CONDITIONS TEST This appendix is to discuss the extreme conditions test. VITA The Old Dominion 91Ƶ guide for preparation of theses and dissertations provided guidance for appendices. The following information is directly taken from the guide. 1. The heading (VITA) is in bold if major headings are in bold. 2. Wording of the students name must agree with the name on the first three thesis pages. 3. The vita should contain the address for department of study and a brief biographical sketch listing educational background (including background for all previous degrees: degree, major subject, university and date of graduation). 4. Other information is optional but encouraged: professional experience, publications, business or academic information. 5. Name of the word processor may be stated at the bottom of the page. (Example, The word processor for this thesis was Mary Jones.) 6. The vita is limited to one page. 7. Use either paragraph style with same spacing as text or resume style.     PAGE  PAGE iii PAGE   !0jknopk C Z   . 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